文法

Such as A, B, and C
e. g. Sweat analysis is currently used for applications such as disease diagnosis, drug abuse detection, and ath- letic performance optimization13.

出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

・S1　+　V1　+　O ….. , V2　+　…. （V1とV2の主語は同じ）
・S1　+　V1　+　O ….. , Ving　+　…. （現在分詞によるつなぎ）
・S　+　V　+　O ….. ; S　+　V　+　O（;は、すなわち的な意味）

e.g.
At present, commercially available wearable sensors are only capable of tracking an individual’s physical activities and vital signs (such as heart rate), and fail to provide insight into the user’s health state at molecular levels.
（出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.）

Figure 1c illustrates the schematic of the multiplexed sensor array (each electrode is 3 mm in diameter) for sweat analysis; fabrication processes are detailed in Methods and Extended Data Fig. 1.
（出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.）

・provide a negative/positive influence on ZZZ
・have a minimum/ maximum effect on ZZZ

e.g.
Although temperature has a minimal effect on the potentiometric sensors, it greatly influences the performance of the enzymatic sensors.

出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

・異なる　S is different from that/ those of B
・ than

・allow ZZZ
　　- allow 現在分詞
　　- allow noun

・enable ZZZ
　　- enable (us) to V
　　- enable noun

よく使われる形
・S　+　V1　+　O, which enables (us) to V2　＋　O.
・S　+　V1　+　O, which allows V2ing　＋　O.

As illustrated in Fig. 1a, the FISA allows simultaneous and selective measurement of a panel of metabolites and electrolytes in human perspiration as well as skin temperature during prolonged indoor and outdoor physical activities.
出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

We believe that this wearable platform may enable new fundamental physiology studies through further on-body evaluation.
出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

・fail to
・be unable to

e.g.
At present, commercially available wearable sensors are only capable of tracking an individual’s physical activities and vital signs (such as heart rate), and fail to provide insight into the user’s health state at molecular levels.
出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

・deploy
・employ
・adapt
・facilitate
・use
・utilize

e.g.
deploy
As a matter of fact, it is almost impossible to collect tiny electronics once they are deployed and diffused in the environment, and hence they are alternatively expected to decay in time.

出典 A water Dissolvable Electrolyte for Eco-friendly electronics, Small 2018,

facilitate
The panel of target analytes and skin temperature was selected to facilitate an understanding of an individual’s physio- logical state (see Supplementary Information for selection of the tar- get analytes).

出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

・advance ~ study

This platform is a powerful tool with which to advance large- scale and real-time physiological and clinical studies by facilitating the identification of informative biomarkers in sweat.

出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

・contact is formed

By fabricating the sensors on a mechanically flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, a stable sensor– skin contact is formed, while the FPCB technology is exploited to incorporate the critical signal conditioning, processing, and wireless transmission functionalities using readily available integrated-circuit components (Fig. 1b)

出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

・compensate (eliminate) for the influence of ZZZ
Furthermore, the microcontroller’s computational and serial communication capabilities are used to cal- ibrate, compensate, and relay the conditioned signals to an on-board wireless transceiver.

出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

・result in ZZZ ZZZを引き起こす

For example, excessive loss of sodium and potassium in sweat could result in hyponatremia, hypokalemia, muscle cramps or dehydration20; sweat glucose is reported to be metabolically related to blood glucose21; sweat lactate can potentially serve as a sensitive marker of pressure ischaemia22; and skin temperature is clinically informative of a variety of diseases and skin injuries such as pressure ulcers23,24.

出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

・ensure

Parylene is used as an insulating layer to ensure reliable sensor reading by preventing electrical contact of the metal lines with skin and sweat.

出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

・performance
The performance of each sensor was monitored separately with different analyte solutions.

出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

　　Figure ZZZ shows that ↔ As shown in Figure ZZZ, S　＋　V
　　Figure ZZZ illustrates that ↔ As illustrated in Figure ZZZ, S　＋　V
　　Figure ZZZ displays that ↔ As displayed in Figure ZZZ, S　＋　V
　　Figure ZZZ appears that ↔ As appeared in Figure ZZZ, S　＋　V

e.g.

As illustrated in Fig. 1a, the FISA allows simultaneous and selec- tive measurement of a panel of metabolites and electrolytes in human perspiration as well as skin temperature during prolonged indoor and outdoor physical activities.

Figure 1c illustrates the schematic of the multiplexed sensor array (each electrode is 3 mm in diameter) for sweat analysis; fabrication processes are detailed in Methods and Extended Data Fig. 1.

Figure 2e displays the linear response of the resistive temperature sensor in the physiological skin temperature range of 20–40 °C with a sensitivity of approximately 0.18% per degree Celsius (normalized to the resistance at 20 °C).

出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

Similar measurements on devices with channel widths of 200, 400, 600 and 800mm appear in Supplementary Fig. 7.
出典 Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring, Nature communication, 2014, Aug,.

・S is crucial, because S　＋　V
・S is essential, because S　＋　V

e.g.

The selectivity of sweat sensors is crucial, because various electro- lytes and metabolites in sweat can influence the accuracy of the sensor readings.

Wearable sensor technologies are essential to the realization of personalized medicine through continuously monitoring an individual’s state of health1–12.

出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

・reveal

e.g.

A study on mechanical deformation conducted by monitoring the performance of both the sensor array and the FPCB before, during and after bending (radii of curvature are 1.5 cm and 3 cm, respectively) (Extended Data Fig. 8) reveals minimal output changes in the FISA’s responses.

出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

・A study on

A study on mechanical deformation conducted by monitoring the performance of both the sensor array and the FPCB before, during and after bending (radii of curvature are 1.5 cm and 3 cm, respectively) (Extended Data Fig. 8) reveals minimal output changes in the FISA’s responses.

出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

・conduct
・carry out
・perform

e.g.
With continued perspiration, the skin temperature rises at about 400 s because of muscle heat conductance to skin and then remains stable, while the concentration of both lactate and glucose in sweat decrease gradually.

For these applications, the sample collection and analysis are performed separately, failing to provide a real-time profile of sweat content secretion, while requiring extensive laboratory analysis using bulky instrumentation1

出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

・during O
　　- during exercise on a cycle ergometer
　　*duringはduring S　＋　Vの形を取らない
・while S　＋　V
・while O

The independent and selective operation of individual sensors is preserved during multi- plexed measurements by employing highly specific surface chemistries and by electrically decoupling the operating points of each sensor’s interface.

出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

・confirm
・verify

1. The accuracy of on-body measurements was verified through the comparison of on-body sensor readings from the forehead with ex situ (off-body) measurements from collected sweat samples (Fig. 3b).
出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

2. For the case of the wafer, deformation in the PZT involves approximately uniaxial compression along the thickness direction, as illustrated in Fig. 2b obtained using the Finite Element Method (FEM). This circumstance corresponds to a 1⁄4 e33tPZT A k33c33 þ e233 , where tPZT is the thickness of PZT, A is the total area of PZT, including regions in direct contact with the weight and those not in contact, and e33, c33 and k33 are the piezoelectric, elastic and dielectric constants, respectively (see Supplementary Note 1 for details). FEM results confirm this relationship34 (Supplementary Fig. 4). For devices on silicone, the deformation in the PZT is complex and three-dimensional, as shown in Fig. 2c.
出典 Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring, Nature communication, 2014, Aug,.

・investigate
・evaluate （評価する）

出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

出典 Fully integrated wearable sensor arrays for multiplexed in situ perspiration analysis, Nature 2016, June, Vol. 529.

・(This agreement) hold

For A = 6 x 2 mm² as in experiments, Fig. 2a shows that equation (1) agrees well with measurements for both the silicon and silicone substrates, without any parameter fitting. This good agreement holds regardless of the contact location of the PDMS on the array of PZT elements (Supplementary Note 1 and Supplementary Fig. 5c–g).

出典 Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring, Nature communication, 2014, Aug,.

・note that…

We also note that the responses of the PZT elements associated with the pyroelectric effect (Supplementary Fig. 6) are nearly two orders of magnitude smaller than the piezovoltages reported in Fig. 2a, for ranges of both temperature (25–35 °C) and pressure (4–10 Pa) that are relevant for cutaneous monitoring.

出典 Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring, Nature communication, 2014, Aug,.

・be ignored …

As a result, effects of temperature can be ignored in the following.

出典 Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring, Nature communication, 2014, Aug,.

・further …

The piezoelectric voltage response from the PZT elements is further amplified by its integration with the flexible SiNM n-MOSFET.

出典 Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring, Nature communication, 2014, Aug,.

・Unless otherwise noted…

Unless otherwise noted, all of the results in the following use SiNM n-MOSFETs with 800 mm channel widths.

出典 Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring, Nature communication, 2014, Aug,.

・nature

The nature of the coupling between the PZT elements and the n-MOSFET can be understood by reference to the diagram in Fig. 1b and the simplified equivalent circuit in Fig. 1c.

出典 Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring, Nature communication, 2014, Aug,.

・yield

Operation at various VGS (1, 2 and 3 V) yields consistent results, as a consequence of the nearly constant value of gm over this range (Fig. 2d).

出典 Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring, Nature communication, 2014, Aug,.

・where…, where…

where A and B are effective piezoelectric and dielectric constants, tPZT is the thickness of PZT element, R is the bend radius, h is the distance from the neutral mechanical plane (NMP) to the mid-plane of the PZT element (Fig. 3d and Supplementary Fig. 12), where Z depends on the bending stiffness ratio in the sections with and without the PZT elements and is given in the Supplementary Note 5.

出典 Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring, Nature communication, 2014, Aug,.

・S involve O

Blood pressure wave measurements and vibration detection. Photographs of a sensor on the wrist appear in Fig. 4a,b. Demonstrations involved a healthy female in her late twenties, under approval by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Illinois (IRB no. 13561).

出典 Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring, Nature communication, 2014, Aug,.

・suggest

collective results suggest that these materials and the resulting sensor capabilities could be valuable for a range of applications in continuous health/wellness monitoring and clinical medicine. Current work focuses on long-term device characterization and wireless communication.

出典 Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring, Nature communication, 2014, Aug,.

・valuable

collective results suggest that these materials and the resulting sensor capabilities could be valuable for a range of applications in continuous health/wellness monitoring and clinical medicine. Current work focuses on long-term device characterization and wireless communication.

出典 Conformable amplified lead zirconate titanate sensors with enhanced piezoelectric response for cutaneous pressure monitoring, Nature communication, 2014, Aug,.